Modernization and Indigenous Cultures Essay

Introduction Modernization is the process of moving from farming and agricultural society to an industrial society and it mainly deals with societies after the Industrial Revolution of the mid-18th century. Some key features of modernization would be large, formal organizations and division of labor based on specialization of skills and abilities. There is more control over environmental resources such as oil, water, land, and animals. There is also a distinct improvement in the quality of life during this time. Because of a higher per capita income individuals are able to buy more goods and services, have more recreational time, and have better housing and health care. Modernization can have both positive and negative effects on society and can often bring about controversy. In this paper I will look at examples of how modernization has affected cultures and traditions around the world. Theories Before we look at the effects of modernization on different cultures we will look at a few specific theories concerning how modernization affects society and community. The German sociologist Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies (1855-1937) formed two theories concerning modernization which he called _Gemeinschaft_ and _Gesellschaft_. Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies viewed modernization as the progressive loss of human community – _Gemeinschaft_. He also believed the Industrial Revolution weakened the social bond of families and communities by emphasizing the impersonal business attributes like money, efficiency, and self-interest – _Gesellschaft_. Tà ¶nnies belief was that modernization turns societies inside out so that individuals are essentially separated in spite of uniting factors (Macionis, 2006, page 457). Peter Berger, whose work was greatly influenced by Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies, identified four major characteristics of modernization: the decline of small, traditional communities, the expansion of personal choice, increased social diversity, future oriented and higher focus on time. As we look at societies and cultures around the world we will see how these four characteristics play a large part in explaining the effects of modernization on each. There are other aspects of modernization that are not quite as appropriate for explaining the affects on indigenous cultures but should still be discussed. Other theorists such as Emile Durkeim, whose view of modernity differed from Tà ¶nnies’s in a more optimistic manner. He viewed modernization as a change from community based bonds to a community based on economic priorities – division of labor. There was Max Weber, who thought that modern societies valued efficiency over tradition; therefore, modern people will adjust to anything that will allow them to attain their objective. Weber felt that for modern people, truth is the result of rational calculation. Then we have Karl Marx, who analyzed modernization as the ascendancy of industrial capitalism. He anticipated a socialist revolution that would lead to an egalitarian society. The problem with Marx’s theories is that he had an idealistic view of how the world would work, and underestimated the dominance of bureaucracy in shaping modern societies (Macionis, 2006). Cultures and traditions Traditional culture, in a broad sense, is human activity such as religion, philosophy, moral standards, laws, society, history, and art that have been learned and passed on in a community or group over a long period of time. Whether a society can survive modernization without losing its identity is the question that is debated by many people. In Asian countries such as Japan, Modernization has often been confused with Westernization. This is partly due to the fact that the concept originated during the Industrial Revolution in England. It is also due to the fact that accepting modernization often meant accepting a Western culture and its resulting way of life. Many feel that Japan is a great example of how a thoroughly modern way of life can exist in a non-western society. Others argue that Japan has become distinctly more western as a result of its modernization. The main thing to understand about Japan is that it has always been on the periphery of culturally developed countries such as China, and has become accustomed to accepting foreign developed cultures. The fact is that Japanese people have always had a great interest and curiosity in imported things, including religion and science. This is why Japan never felt a strong resistance against the introduction of Western culture. Effects on Family There was a United Nations study conducted in the mid-80’s that examined the effects of modernization, urbanization, and industrialization on the family structure. Part of the findings were focused on developing countries where wide-spread poverty was forcing families to migrate to areas where work could be found; mainly large cities. Technology and development have both positive and negative effects on family. It is true that there is usually an improvement in living conditions; especially in the area of health care, income, living conditions, and education. On the other hand it can lead families into an impoverished life, loss of social identity and traditions, and an effort to ever improved innovation with no regard for the effects on family life. Most would agree that the positive or negative effects of modernization on the family are not intentional, but a product of growing  population and ever-advancing technology. It can be said that few activities resulting from modernization have been geared explicitly towards families; whether to reduce the negative effects or improving their well-being. There have been many changes in family structure due to modernization. Along with the change in roles and responsibilities within the family are changes in values. This includes a greater pressure to adopt the values, culture, or viewpoints of the dominant group. â€Å"The emphasis on individualism is probably pre-eminent among the values of developed societies†. (Development and the family, 1985) There is a very large pressure on families and small communities to integrate into the dominant culture. Although there has been a long-term shift away from the extended family towards the nuclear family, the extended family is still regarded in some instances (among rural-urban migrants, for one) as a way to continue social and cultural traditions while adapting to new circumstances and behaviors (Development and the family, 1985). It is inevitable that there will be clashes between the dominant culture and that of family values. Industrialization and Urbanization There are two key aspects of modernization in which we need to explore; Industrialization and Urbanization. Both can be looked at as a byproduct of modernization and have related affects on a society’s culture and traditions. The effects of industrialization on a family, as with modernization, is influenced by the distance they must travel to acclimate themselves to the new way of life. Some of the pressures that a traditional family structure might face include; work schedules that reduce the time a family spends together, less family production as a unit, and a diminished societal network due to migratory labor. In the U.N study mentioned above, urbanization is listed as the third major aspect of development impacting on family functioning, particularly the rapid growth of rural-to-urban migration (Development and the family, 1985). Some of the negative aspects of urbanization on family life would include  decreased communication between family members, separation of family members and lack of communal support for urban migrants, more single-parent households and postponement of child-bearing. All of these factors affect how communities and families develop, and how their culture and traditional values are passed on. There are also areas like Sao Paulo in South America where modernization has caused substantial population growth over the last 100 years. In the case of Sao Paulo, widespread coffee cultivation created sudden prosperity to a region that was fairly isolated. Then there was another population surge as manufacturing was established in the area. By the middle of the 20th century Sao Paulo became the chief manufacturing center of Brazil. The problem with that much growth in a generally poor country is the mass influx of people. With over-crowded cities come crime, air and noise pollution, traffic congestions, and most importantly a labor force that seriously outnumbers the available jobs (Cohen, 2004). Many individuals from outlying areas will continue to travel to this city in hopes of a better life, and most will end in continued poverty. It’s possible that many will end up in areas like Prestes Maia. The largest squat in Latin America, some 258 families, nearly 2,000 people, have crammed into this disused textile factory. Its 20 story’s provide shelter for some of the poorest people in arguably the most unequal place on earth (Study in contrast, 2007). There is no longer a sense of community in large cities like this. How can there be a local support network when each individual is busy looking after themselves. Conclusion Most people would probably say that globalization and modernization rarely cares for societies and culture, but that statement is not completely accurate. Cultures do not always have to modify themselves and adapt to the global changes that are being imposed upon them. There have been cases, like the Kayapo in Brazil, where natives used modern technology to help fight the intrusion of developers. In the case of the Kayapo people, they used video  cameras to film treaty negotiations and then used them against the government when they tried to go back on their word. This seems to be the exception rather then the rule. In most cases though, the reality is that dominant cultures do overwhelm smaller indigenous cultures. Small communities and societies are often torn apart by the pull of large urban areas. Because of modernization there has been an increase in personal choice. With industrialization come more opportunities for an individual to choose there future. People no longer had to stay on the farm to ensure that the family would produce enough to survive. This also led to the decline of small traditional communities. Individuals and families would travel to where the opportunities were. The problem is that those that are left behind feel abandoned by those who migrate to the cities. This fact alone creates a cultural division between indigenous peoples. Central and South America are a classic example of how a dominant culture can completely decimate that of the indigenous people. The Portuguese and Spanish left a lasting impression on the indigenous way of life. That influence reached new heights during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th century. Not only were the Europeans extracting recourses from the area, they were also introducing new ways of thinking, new technologies, and a new type of economy. It would be almost impossible for a lesser developed people to compete against the dominant culture of a technologically advanced society. References Cohen, B. (2004). Urban Growth in Developing Countries: A Review. _World_ _Development_, _32_, Retrieved March 06, 2008, from http://www7.nationalacademies.org/dbasse/Cities_Transformed_World_Develop ment_Article.pdf Development and the family. (May 1985). _UN Chronicle_, 22, p.xix(2). Retrieved March 17, 2008, from General OneFile via Gale:http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS Macionis, J. J. (2006). Society: The basics (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson PrenticeHall. Study in contrast. (2007, March 14). The Statesman,1. Retrieved March 6, 2008, from ProQuest Newsstand database. (Document ID: 1232854241).

Finding Meaning in a Stolen Life Essay

It is said that all life does indeed involve suffering but it is what we make of this suffering that will determine whether or not we find meaning in our life. One must look within and around himself to create meaning in her life; one can finding meaning by creating works or doing deeds, experiencing things or encountering people, and choosing one’s attitude towards the suffering in her life. There will always be obstacles in the way to meaning—the tragic triad of pain, guilt, and death—but one must use this to fuel your drive to find meaning by maintaining tragic optimism—faith, love, and hope. Many people lead difficult lives, however, some find meaning and others choose not to. In the memoir A Stolen Life by Jaycee Dugard, Jaycee Dugard is put through what she describes as an â€Å"intolerable situation,† but manages to make meaning of the suffering in her stolen life. Jaycee Dugard has experienced tragic triad: pain, guilt, and death. She deals with pain throughout the entirety of her early life. The main source of her pain and suffering was Phillip who kidnapped and put her through hell on earth. Jaycee recalls the day Phillip took her—the first painful experience she had with the man that would strip her of her innocence. Jaycee recollects what was running through her mind at the time of her traumatic abduction: â€Å"Someone is dragging me and I am being lifted. My limbs feel like they weigh a ton. I try to resist and try to push away from farther into the bushes. The paralyzing feeling returns accompanied by a strange electrical current zapping sound. I am helpless to resist for some reason. † (9-10). It is not long after her abduction when Jaycee is put through an even greater mental test. She has been scare and alone since she was taken from her world on that faithful day and now Phillip would only make her more scared and alienated. Phillip does to Jaycee what nobody should ever have done onto them. She experiences pain physically and mentally when he rapes her and she remembers him trying to justifying her suffering: â€Å"He says it would be easier on me if I didn’t resist or struggle so much next time. He says it wouldn’t hurt as much. I think to myself, if you didn’t do it in the first place then it wouldn’t hurt at all. But I am too frightened by his act to say a thing in objection to him. † (31-32). Jaycee feels her first sense of guilt in her new life when she is given a kitten. Her kidnappers brought her home a kitten and she was happy but says, â€Å"I have begun to feel guilty for asking for her in the first place. I should have thought about the place we were going to put her. This is no place for a kitty. He says his aunt is an animal lover and will take her. † (41). She does not want the kitten to stay in the little room with her because she knows it is not fair for the kitten to not have a lot of space to run around and be happy. Her giving the kitten away makes her feel better because she knows it is not good for the kitten to be stuck in the room of suffering. She manages to get over this guilt but soon she is faced with a greater obstacle. Jaycee experiences death for the first time. It is not that of her own life but the death of one of her animals that brings her greater suffering she notes, â€Å"Blackjack lived a long life. Toward the end I took primary care of him and I was the one that found him when he died. It was very hard for me. At the time, I had made a cat enclosure which he would go in at night to keep safe, and that’s where I found him one morning†¦ I cried a lot for him. † (160). Jaycee was an animal lover and for her to find the cat she took care of dead was very hard for her. However, all of these experiences made her a stronger person. Jaycee did not allow the tragic triad to keep her from making meaning of her life. She kept searching. Jaycee Dugard was on her way to countering with two of the three parts of tragic optimism–love, and hope. She had children at a very young age and although she did not want them from Phillip or at the ages of fourteen and seventeen she loves her children very much. She loves both of her daughters, she did not want to give either of them up, stating, â€Å"I did it because that was the only thing I could do. I would do it all again. The most precious thing in the world came out of it†¦ my daughters. † (110). Her love for her two daughters fueled her positivity towards her adverse life. She was a very hopeful person all through her young life and her daughters gave her more of a reason to hold fast. Jaycee was constantly hoping that she would one day be emancipated. When she is first placed in the room out back, she hoped someone was looking for her and that they would find her one day to take her from home. Although she had a rough life from the age of eleven until the age of twenty-nine, she kept a very positive attitude by doing work and keeping busy. She found greater meaning in her suffering by creating works. She started a business—a printing company–with Phillip who has put her through endless torture. Over time she learned how to do it on her own and does most of the work for the company: â€Å"I work up a design and he takes it to the costumer and gets it approved when he brings it back to me, I print them on cards. The job turns out great and I am very proud of myself Phillip says that he thinks I should do the workups and he will get the jobs and help with the printing. †(127). Instead of weeping in sorrow for herself that her childhood and beginning of her adult life were taken away from her, she does work to make herself productive. This is good for her because instead of living in the existential vacuum, she feels like she is accomplishing something other than watching television every day like she used to and she feels important. . It takes a very positive person to find meaning in the kind of suffering Jaycee had to endure, and she embodied this person. She chooses to have a positive attitude towards being captured and enslaved. Throughout the time she was taken she kept a journal and instead of always writing about how much she misses her mom and wishes she was not with Phillip and Nancy, she wrote, â€Å"10 things that make me happy; 1. hearing someone laugh; 2. when my cats are near me†¦ 10. knowing someone loves me. †(183-184). Instead of thinking of all the bad in her life, she chose to stay positive and think of things she appreciates about life. Not everyone can do that, but she learned that staying positive is more meaningful. All life involves suffering as the main character Jaycee Dugard would know. She suffered a lot in her life from the time she was kidnapped up until she was saved eighteen years later. She suffers the first day she is taken. â€Å"I want my mommy. I want time to reverse itself and give me a do-over,† she cries about the situation she is in (10). Then it gets worse. Jaycee describes what is going on when she was thrown in the back of the car and taken to Phillips house where her suffering would begin: â€Å"A blanket is thrown on top of me and I feel a lot of weight on my back, I feel as if I can’t breathe. I hear voices but they are muffled. The car is moving. I want to get out of the car. I twist and turn, but something is pinning me down. † (10). She goes through a scarring experience as he puts her through the greatest suffering she will have to endure in her 18 years here. A few days after kidnapping Jaycee, Phillip takes advantage of her, â€Å"he stands back up and takes off all his clothes. I do not want him to do that†¦ I feel so helpless and vulnerable. I feel so alone. He lies on top of me. I can’t stop crying. † (31). She was raped and had to suffer through it because she had no other choice as she was too afraid of what he would do if she did not cooperate. Even after being raped and impregnated, she had to pretend she was not the mother of her children. She says that, â€Å"on the roof I felt like my pulse was going to jump out of my skin. I wanted to grab her and hold her. † (154). Phillip and Nancy wanted Jaycee to pretend that they were the parents of the children she gave birth to and that she was just their sister, but Jaycee did not want that. Jaycee wanted to be able to take care of her children and it killed her that she had to let Nancy do it. However, she did overcome the situation. When she was found and reunited with her real family, she wanted to meet with Nancy, â€Å"I wanted to see her for many different reasons, the biggest being closure. Telling her that what she and Phillip did was not okay in any way. † (243). Although her kidnappers took most of her life away from her, she still stood up to them in the end and wanted them to know she was a stronger person. Although Jaycee suffered a lot she did not let it get the best of her. She has made meaning of her life. However, it did not happen right as she was freed as she said, â€Å"my growth has not been an overnight phenomenon. Nonetheless it has slowly but surely come about. † (261). She is doing well now and both of her kids are in high school. She reunited with one of her friends from her childhood and now they are really close. She knows what they did to her was wrong but she said she got the most precious things out of it and that was her two daughters whom she loves a lot. She stays clear of living a provisional existence while she was captured and even after she was liberated, she didn’t go through moral deformity and bitterness. Sometimes, Jaycee looks at her life and thinks she thinks, â€Å"I don’t deserve it. † (267). Jaycee was a self-determinist and believed she had free will to make of her life what she wanted it to be. She utilized tragic optimism to resolve the tragic triad she had to go through. Jaycee kept a positive attitude towards her life and used this to create work and endure the experiences she had to go through and to find love, the greatest way to make meaning of one’s life, in the children she was forced to bare. She now knows that, â€Å"it’s the simple things that count,† and she has used that mentality to make meaning of all her suffering throughout her whole life (268). Citations 1. A Stolen Life Dugard, Jaycee. A Stolen Life. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 May 2012. 2. Man’s Search for Meaning Frankl, Viktor E. Man’s Search For Meaning. N. p. : Beacon Press, 2006. Print.

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the Essay - 4

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the liability of employers for references. How, if at all, doe - Essay Example Similarly, former employers may tend to show mercy on their employees in certain dishonest acts worth mentioning to the future employers, and this risks the operation failure or dishonesty of another organization or employer. These factors put the former employers at a risk of been held liable for a kind of defamation. In one way, the employers can provide certain information to the prospective employer, but may also avoid producing a lot of information that may prevent the employee from new employment. The chances are that the employers limit their information to evade exposure to defamation, or potential lawsuits that may cost them heavily (McCord, 1999). The employer is obliged to the duty of care to the prospective employers, upon injury or misfortune related to falsified information over a certain employee’s reference. The same case applies to the employee when his or her effort for job search is not successful, due to offensive referential allegations from the former emp loyer. ... Below, several sources touching on privacy, retaliation, and arising from negligent and defamation cases of employers’ liabilities for references under various Acts are discussed. Liability for Defamation Employees can sue their former employers for release of disparaging statements, either orally or written that have can indirectly or directly lead to harm on their reputation, despite the high efforts to revise the Defamation Act, whose original version claimed defamation to consist of unprivileged publication of falsified information and derogatory issues, either actionable disregarding the special harm or its legal cause (Bally, 1989). That is, when the communication occurs, and it has a defamatory meaning, the third party who can be the prospective employer or the public is swayed away by the damaging reputation. According to Mac Kelly, a defamatory statement is that which tends to harm the reputation of another individual, and that lowers him in the society’s view, and prevents third persons from dealing or associating with the individual in subject (2001). However, with the increased technology that furthers globalization, information can travel very fast to different destinations, which increases the chances of spreading defamatory statements in a click of a button, let alone the oral statements. The English Law classifies defamatory statements into two; libel and slander, implying those recorded and that demonstrate a degree of permanence, and those orally made without justification respectively (out-law.com, 2008). The claim of the employee is left to the court to determine and interpret the statement in the context which it was made. It needs to evaluate the surrounding circumstances, audience, employer’s argument, and subject of the communication

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How harry potter fans conceptualise and talk about identities Essay

How harry potter fans conceptualise and talk about identities - Essay Example According to time magazine the aspects of political and social of harry potter (2007), led to the American civil war. About the message in Harry Porter, Rowling states that she wishes to join different world without problems of hierarchy, bigotry and notion of cleanliness. Further states that before ministries are taken over, there are disagreements to regimes that are known and loved. Rowling advocates that authorities should be questioned and not to fully trust the press. (Time magazine, 2007) Main body Rowling encountered big opposition on matters of education against indoctrination. This has clearly been demonstrated on the issue of gay raised by Bill O’Reilly. He was accusing Potter for indoctrinating children to gay, through an outing by his character Albus Dumbledore. In his defense, senior editor Tina Jordan brushed it off as an argument that is shallow. Tina further stated that gay people are well known, and it did not matter whether people knew or not. On continued d iscussion, O’Reilly pointed a finger at Rowling for teaching acceptance and equivalence of homosexuals and heterosexual. On the contrary, his guest Dennis Miller stated that acceptance was good and a child could not be indoctrinated into being gay. (weekly,2003) Catholic Church also had a problem with the books written by Rowling. An organization of roman church in America, accused Rowling of using occult language and mechanisms to indoctrinate children to gay. In Berkley Beacon’s opinion, he says that one parent’s view of indoctrination could be another’s education. Berkley had the intention of countering charges against Rowling that her books promoted homosexuality. At the pick of the controversy, Rowling stated that he did not base on Christian fundamentalists. Rowling also faced challenges with the issues of: racism, Nazism and ethnic cleansing. On the issue of racism, she was not pessimistic but realistic it could be changed. Further, Rowling argued that a committed racist will not be changed by Harry Potter. After Deathly Hallows was published, Rowling answered the e questions on metaphors in ethnic cleansing books. According to her, ‘ethnic cleansing ‘is a political metaphor. Arguably she did not intend to create a Nazi Germany. In her book tour 2007 Rowling discussed about the disagreements to Nazism. On her website, Rowling stated that some of phrases used by Harry Potter were equally used by the Nazis. Phrases such as ‘muggle-born’, ‘half blood’ and ‘pure blood’ had the same hidden logic of death eaters. Another similarity is that of lightening bolt shaped scar. Harry received the scar as a result of a curse from Voldemort, is also a sign of sir Oswald Mosley British union of fascists; Nazi sympathizers (1930s-1940s). According to Rowling, Mosley had married Diana Mitford who had a sister Jessica, whom he named her daughter after. In 1936 Oswald and Diana got married in Be rlin and Adolf Hitler was a guest. Rowling further noted that Unity, Mitford’s sister an arch-fascist was Hitler’s favorite. Narcissa black Harry’s story was developed by Jessica’s story; Diana Mosley married Oswald Mosley (death eater). Her sister unity, was a death eater too. Jessica Mitford married Ted Tonk (muggle-born), even though the family was against it. Since she had eloped with Esmond Romilly her cousin, she was send away by her family. These disagreements were noted by a communist paper in America

Analyses of characteristics of bread made from chestnut flour using Assignment

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Communcation - Essay Example Cross-cultural differences among citizens and consumers may cause cognitive, behavioral and emotional constraints that form barriers to effective communication. Therefore, human resource managers should develop business strategies that reduce communication barriers created by cultural differences among people in the business world. When companies are expanding their business territories, they find themselves handling people from various cultures either I the same country or different countries for the case of international businesses. Cross-cultural differences among citizens and people may be problematic for businesses and other organizations. Cultural differences on local, regional, national and international perspectives may influence how organizations communicate with clients. Cultural differences are a central issue in operations of any organization, business or firm. Variations in cultures across organizations and regions worldwide present several barriers to communication. International businesses and companies operate in areas with diverse cultures worldwide. Therefore, managers of such companies should develop marketing strategies that incorporate cross-cultural issues. The marketing and advertising strategies should develop business relationships among people from different cultures. An effective communication strategy starts by considering the fact that both the sender and the receiver of the message are people from different cultures. Therefore, understanding such cultural diversity is important in ensuring successful cross-cultural communication. To ensure successful integration of cross-cultural aspects in co mmunication strategies for companies, there is a need for proper research on the effect of cultural diversity on business communication (Romani and Claes, 2014). In order to develop effective measures to manage cross-cultural variations affecting communication it is imperative to understand different cultures. Each culture has its

Fair Tax Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fair Tax Act - Essay Example The Fair tax act (HR 25, S 13) is legislation which not inclined to any of the political parties in the United States. The act will abolish all capital gains, social security, self-employment taxes, Medicare expenses; income taxes levied on corporations and individuals by the federal government, and replace them with an uncomplicated sales tax. The state’s sales tax authorities administer the retail sales tax that enacted by the federal government (Barbra, 2011 p 22). The system of the fair tax equates all persons and it will enhance efficiency, accountability, and a lasting solution to the disparities in the current system of taxation. With the enactment of the fair tax, it is easier to monitor the activities of the government agencies mandated to carry out the roles of collecting taxes. For a long time, the various agencies of the government entrusted to levy taxes on business corporations and individuals have misused the authority granted by the constitution. The act came to minimize the abuse of powers by the state authorities to ensure just and reasonable treatment of all citizens (Barbara, 2011 p 79). Trade and other commercial activities will occur in a favorable environment. The act puts into consideration both exports and imports; exports should not be taxed because their consumption occurs outside the United States. On the other hand, goods imported to the United States undergo taxation since consumption is in the domestic markets. Thus, the act will make sure that the goods locally produced in the United States become more competitive both in the United States and international markets (Barbara, 2011 p 79). The fair Tax act plan has an impact on the cost of education. The act can be regarded as the only proposal of tax reform that supports education, compared to the current law on taxation. As a matter of fact, the plan cuts by half the cost of education to American families making education accessible to as many Americans as

Fundamentals of Research Essay Example for Free

Fundamentals of Research Essay Research is a vital part of someone life because for the person to find information or wants to know anything he or she would need to conduct a research. People use other scientific approaches to conduct testing on data and research. The most common scientific approach people uses are scientific method because they can find the most reasonable solution to his or her testing. When working in the human services field research is one of the major tools used by case workers, managers, and counselors, and therapist. The scientific methods provide workers with enough information to make important decision on a regular base. Before human services professionals enter the field they conduct research or gathered information from his or her research so they could have information about his or her client. This type of research helps human service professional on his or her cases. The description, definition, and explanation of the scientific method on how human services professional uses research to conduct business will be present in this paper. The definition of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method research will be presented and an example on when to apply mixed method research in human services works. The definition of the scientific method is a â€Å"general expression for the methodology of science, or systematic research approach or outlook emphasizing the use of empirical reasoning† (Rosnow, Rosenthal, 2008, pg. 1). Other books or dictionary defined scientific methods as the â€Å"principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypothesis† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, n.d.). When people think of the word â€Å"scientific,† the first thing pop into people minds is the study of the human body, geography, chemistry, biology, or even natural sciences. In human services there is also some form of scientific method demonstrate by workers. Human services worker demonstrates social science when working with clients, organizations, business, and other professional working in the same field. Human services workers used scientific method to take survey, answer questions, and conduct assessments in human services work. The scientific method provides statistic on children and elderly abusive, domestic violence, and teenage pregnancy, just to name a few. The scientific method helps human services workers find statistic or information on why children and elderly are being neglect and abusive by family members and friends. There are so much homeless veterans on the street, or even why sex-offenders are released from prisons back into society where they could harm children again. The steps involved in the process of scientific inquiries are observation, research, testable hypothesis, experiment hypothesis, analyze results, and draw conclusions. The next few paragraphs will describe the steps in the scientific inquiry. Observation provides information base on the real-world. Human service workers use social science to work on cases in the real world. The real-world provides workers with the knowledge they need, when working in the field. The information taken from the real-world is passed on to the research stage. The research stage allows case works to understand the basic information being observed. Some case workers may end-up finding the same information other workers has found already. It is the responsibility of the case workers to continue researching the information the case worker found. This process still has unanswered questions, which makes it easier to continue the research process and investigate into the information from the observation process. The next stage becomes the most vital stage in the scientific inquiries. Next the testable hypothesis is basically the background information from the research work. In, this process case workers have an opportunity to explain the observation he or her has made and ensure accurate the testing is. Some time, the information from the research data case workers collected for the experiment might be off from the hypothesis. This type of demonstration allows case workers to gain some kind of knowledge about the areas they might need to investigate more. It does not mean the first experiment is not accurate but other testing needs to be conducted. This allows case workers to make knowledgeable experiments so he or she could find answers to the questions that were unanswered. This is how case workers conduct business in the real world-by working on finding reliable and accurate understanding of the world. The fourth stage consists of conducting an experiment to test the hypothesis. This stage allows case workers to test their hypothesis to discover if the data they collected from his or her observation, research, and testable hypothesis is accurate. The steps followed according to the formula of the data for the experiment. It is important to identify the structure of the testable hypothesis. The variable from the testable hypothesis might be off so it is important to retest the experiment. Case workers take notes to determine any finding or mistakes that might happen, it is best to document the experiment so there is no repeat of the same experiment. This process ensures the data case workers collected is reliable and consistent to his or her hypothesis. One mistake could cause the whole experiment to go wrong. If the hypothesis is not constant the conclusions case workers draw from the observations, the research collected for the experiment will not have any type of meaning to the hypothesis. The next two final stages are analyzing the data and draw the conclusions. In the analyzing stage case workers data are presented, the facts are organizes, relationships are built, and the information is calculated so it could be analyzed and interpreted. In this process case workers could take the information gathered and determine if the hypothesis could be approved, rejected, or revised. After this process human services worker could start preparing his or her report and summarizing each stage for discussion. If the report is good enough the conclusions will relates to the body of the research. The report should still have room to modify any new information needed. This opens up the door to unanswered questions and leave room for additional studies. Human Services workers use the scientific method to conduct assessment and survey on domestic violence on women and children in the community. The problem here is how to conduct the necessary assessment to determine the number of women or children who are victims of domestic violence. The hypothesis should be to use the number chart with W’s representing the number of women and C’s to determine the number of children in domestic violence. The experimentation is conducted within two facilities where women and children are held. There is four associated available to help out with the experiment. Each associated will have his or her data which will be used to answer the question. The hypothesis will be tested and if additional testing is needed it will be conducted. The case workers will have an opportunity to analyze the results of the assessment. Finally the conclusion could be executed in the proper way and everyone could agree on the findings. Qualitative research is the studies in which the raw data exist in a non-numerical form (Rosnow, Rosenthal, 2008, pg. 4). Qualitative research discusses the type of research human services workers used when working in the field on different type of psychology, social sciences, and sociology cases. Quantitative research is the studies in which the raw data exist in a numerical form (Rosnow, Rosenthal, 2008, pg. 4). Quantitative research discusses the type of assessment or survey case workers used to conduct experiment. The areas are Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics human services used to determine the hypothesis and draw conclusion using the natural science tools. Both could be used in the human services field for example, in the number of domestics’ violence cases among women and children on the number chart. Using the qualitative research the study would be the age of the women and children. Using quantitative research on the number chart is the study of children taken out of their homes. It depends on the situation or case being studies to determine, which research between the qualitative and quantitative to use. The mixed method research is defined as the procedures for collecting both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study, and for analyzing and reporting this data based on a priority and sequence of the information (Creswell, 2008, pg. 552). The mixed method research demonstrates more of a complete indication of the study to any problems compared to either the qualitative and quantitative method. Mixed method research provides answers to questions and analysis statistic where qualitative and quantitative method cannot provide. An example of the mixed method research is the study of quantitative measurement to determine the impact of the treatment base on the outcomes. The qualitative part exactly comes before the experiment. Researchers collect the data to qualitative to determine the used of the design for the treatment being conducted. The fundamental of research is to determine if the information gathered is accurate enough to advance to the next stage. This process in human services work is vital because case workers the information gathered must be observe, research, test the hypothesis, perform the experiment hypothesis, and analyze the results, and finally draw a conclusion. The research method is beneficial to any human services workers or facility. The accuracy of the experiment must be strong enough to stand on its own for human services organizations to offer this type of services. Once the scientifically area shows improvement services will advance and goals of the human services organization and workers will be accomplished. References Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved December 23, 2012, from Scientific method: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/scientific%20method Rosnow, R. L., Rosenthal, R. (2008). Beginning behavioral research: A conceptual primer (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Organized System Essay Example for Free

Organized System Essay In today’s society, business of every sort is done on computers, almost to the extent that the former definition of files and folders being physical items is nearly obsolete. Attending an institute of higher learning also means that much of assignments be downloaded from an online site and homework be completed on a computer and uploaded to a central location. As such, it can become quite time-consuming, difficult and confusing to locate appropriate files without a system of organization. On the Microsoft website, there are several articles to help a computer user get started with organization. Of course, their number one recommendation is to use the â€Å"My Documents† folder which comes pre-installed on all of Microsoft’s operating systems. This is really a timesaver as there are so many easy ways to access it: from the Start menu (which also includes a â€Å"My Recent Documents† link), from the Open function of any Microsoft software applications, and from your desktop (by simply moving the icon on the Start menu and dragging it to the desktop). In the My Documents folder, additional folders can be created. These should be named by category, for example, â€Å"school†, â€Å"work†, â€Å"creative writing†, â€Å"business†, etc. All folders in each of these should pertain to that subject. In the school folder, for instance, I would suggest creating a separate folder for each class (i. e. â€Å"Biology 101†, Statistics 201†, etc. ). This can then be further broken down into â€Å"assignments† and â€Å"homework†. Downloaded assignment files can be copied and pasted or drug into the assignments folder. Keeping both folder and file names short helps to find them quickly (since only a certain amount of the letters in the name will be displayed). Names for assignment files can also include the date it is due (at the beginning of the name) and then quickly sorted by name in the view screen. I have also found it handy to use a date in the name of my professional resume file, so that I know whether or not it needs to be updated. Numbers can also be added to documents such as essays to easily show all versions until complete (you may find the need to go back to a previous version and add in a paragraph that was previously edited out). Putting numbers at the front of the file or folder name for those that you access often will ensure they show up at the top of the list. Viewing folders and files as thumbnails is a way to display the results of your folders that is visually easy. This is a great way to preview the contents as well as easily sort through the different file extensions (is it a picture or a Word document? ). Using Microsoft Outlook for Email messages is also handy and the program works with the rest of the Microsoft Office Suite, making it easy to integrate file types. I create folders of the same name as those in My Documents for Email messages. This way I can keep track of any messages that are in reference to a class, or work, and they can be quickly dropped into the corresponding My Documents folders. Another tip for organization is to keep the hard drive clean. At the end of the semester, the class folders with their files can be stored elsewhere on your hard drive such as in a folder named â€Å"archives† (or put on a flash drive) so as to streamline the amount of folders viewed to only documents you are currently using. When I am using a file that I know will be of use for a limited time only, I name it â€Å"junk_† with a descriptive word at the end. When I am ready to delete those files I am no longer needing, I simply perform a search of the C drive for all files and folders with the name â€Å"junk† in them. This way, the whole of them can be deleted with only a couple clicks of the mouse. You could attach a date to the name that reminds you of when the file is obsolete and safe to be removed. References Allen, Sally. â€Å"Get organized! Organizing your computer†. Retrieved October 23, 2007 from the Women’s Media Web site: http://www. womensmedia. com/new/organizing-computer. shtml. â€Å"Organizing computer files†. Retrieved October 23, 2007 from the University of Virginia Web site: http://cti. itc. virginia. edu/~ttspeng/OrganizingComputerFiles. pdf. â€Å"Seven tips to manage your files better†. Retrieved October 23, 2007 from the Microsoft Web site: http://www. microsoft. com/atwork/manageinfo/files. mspx.

Analysis of Agency Theory

Analysis of Agency Theory Agency theory is one of the most important concepts of the business areas especially financial economics. Because of its importance, this theory is included in most of the introductory chapters of the modern financial economics books and publications. It is commonly cited as one of the key areas for progress and improvement of the modern financial economics. Moreover, its assumptions provide wide explanations for crucial business areas such as: merger activities, dividend policies, capital structure, corporate restructuring, and executive compensations, etc Agency theory defines the company or the firm as â€Å"nexus of contracts† between different resource suppliers. It is centralized on two different parties: principal, who supply the capital, and the agent who manage the day to day operations for the firm. In other words, it is the relation between one who determines the work and another who does the work. For example, in corporations, principals are the shareholders who delegates work to the agent which is the manager in the company. Agency theory assumes that shareholders and managers are motivated by their self –interest, thus managers are likely to persist their self-interest goal that contradicts with the goals of the owner. However, agents are supposed to work for the self-interest of the principal. This conflict results with a cost called the agency cost. This cost represents the cost of supervising the behavior of the agents as well as the profit loss resulting from operating policies and restrictions on managem ent. Although the agency theory is controversial and contradictory, many scientist talked about this concept and explained its advantages and disadvantages on many business fields’ especially financial economics. Many scientist and scholars talked about the agency theory, and it is one of the most crucial theory in the economic and financial history fields. This theory was originated and created by two scholars, Stephen Ross and Barry Mitnick. Each one had a take a part of the agency theory and created. Economic wise, Stepeh Ross is the one responsible for the economic theory of agency, and financial wise, Barry Mitnick is responsible for the institutional theory of agency. These two scholars used the same concepts but under different assumption. Everyone introduced the theory in his own way or thinking. Ross introduces the agency theory from the side of problems of compensation relation and as an incentive problem. On the other side, Mitnick introduced how the institutions should evolve to deal with deficiencies that is created by the agency relationships. According to Mitnick, â€Å"Behavior never occurs as it is preferred by the principal because it does not pay to make it perfect.† This is the main problem that Mitnick suggest as a deficiency of the agency relationship and he suggested that the society created rules and policies that help the companies to attend these imperfections, managing to deal with them, and adapting to them. Therefore, in order to understand the agency, people need both sides to see the incentive side as well as the organizational structure. However, this theory did not accurately defined properly and introduced to the world until the initiation of Jensen and Meckling articles in 1976. Jensen and Meckling introduces the agency theory as a relationship problem that arises between the owner of the resources and the one who is managing those resources. More general speaking, a conflict can arise between one who owns the capital and the one who is controlling the day to day operation since every party has his own interest that wants to be achieved and those interests can be contradictory. According to Jensen and Meckling, â€Å"Agency cos t arise from the conflict of interest between a principal and an agent.† For example, when managers, who are responsible for decisions that impact the operation of the firm, are not the primary beneficiary of the firm net assets, and do not accept any effect regarding his or her decisions. Moreover, the agency cost is divided into three type of cost: structuring cost, monitoring cost, and bonding cost. Structuring cost is the cost that a firm should take it when manufacturing any product or service such as transaction cost, suck cost, and fixed cost. It is the fixed cost divided by the variable cost. Monitoring cost is watching and supervising the recording of cost daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly. It is very important for the owner to have mangers that allocate the proper time to the proper work and minimize cost as much possible. Due to this problem, Jensen offers many solutions to save the firm from this problem. Setting the use of contract is a cost that the firm should use in order to align the actions of the mangers with the actions of the owner. As Jensen (1994) suggests, â€Å"Managerial decisions designed to strengthen organizations often meet with opposition from colleagues, employees†¦ providing managers with incentives to compromise their decisions.† In other words, the best way to insure that the decisions are not conflicting is to ensure that the trade-off that mangers face are pushing them to take the correct decisions. Therefore, the goal of the agent should increase the firm wealth that lead to increase the performance and market price. Moreover, in order the manager to increase value of the firm, the owner should create compensation plan that trigger the agent to spend his or her efforts or works to maximize the firm profits and productivity. According to the agency theory, the shareholder should have the sense that offering a compensation package to the agents can reduce the agency cost which means that interest of the two parties will be in the interest of the firm as whole, and the two parties will be one team working to maximize the value and the wealth of the organization. The agency theory creates many obligations that shareholders must take into consideration in order to save their firm. The agency cost is one of these assumption that is created in order to show the types of expenses that the firm should spend. It is divided into three types: expenditures to monitor managerial activities such as audit cost. Nowadays, auditing becomes one of the most important business issues that every organization especially the banking sector should apply. For example, due the agency problem, the Lebanese central bank oblige all the banking sector to have two independent big four auditors in order to assure all the financial information that is created by the managers. The second cost is the cost of structuring the organization such as appointing outside members to the board of directors or reengineering the organizational chart in the firm. To have a well design organization charts in a firm is very effective since it helps to allocate the jobs in a way that can m aximize efficiency and get rid of relation problems. The third cost is the opportunity cost that is created by the owner such as voting in specific issues and limit the ability of the managers regarding the actions that advance the shareholder wealth. For this purpose, many mechanism are introduced to the business world that can minimize those costs and solve the agency problems. First, compensation plan can be applied for the mangers such owning a stock in the firm and stock price changes. In this case, managers I obliged to work efficiently for the sake to increase the financial wealth to increase his or her stock value. Another extreme, is to have in the firm stockholders that have a theory X management style which means that they will manage each step or decision that is taken by the managers, but this would be costly and inefficient. The best solution to have a compensation that is based on performance and some monitoring should be undertaken. Moreover, the owner can create a s ense for managers that if they make any wrong decision that affect the firm negatively, they will be fired or replaced by another manager. However, this solution is somehow risky in a case that creates problems in the workplace. For example, many publicly traded companies are creating shares based on performance levels which are shared given for the mangers based on performance which are explained by many financial measures such as earing per share, return on assets, and return on equity etc†¦ If the performance is below the level, the shares will be less than 100 percent. These incentives are created for two main goals. First, they offer executives to take action that will increase shareholder wealth. Second, these types of plans help the firm to retrain managers that can have confidence to risk their financial wealth based on their abilities which can lead to better performance.

Sweat Shops :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All of my life I have considered myself as a person who loves children. I enjoy playing with them, helping them, and just being around them. So when I first agreed with corporations who use child labor I shocked myself completely. After examining two articles; one â€Å"The Case for Sweatshops†, by David R. Henderson, and two â€Å"Sweatshops or a Shot at a Better Life†, by Cathy Young, I came to the conclusion that in some cases when young children work under proper conditions it can keep them out of the streets and be helpful to them and their families.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The lives of people in some third world countries such as Honduras and Indonesia are completely different than ours hear in a much more prosperous nation. So when citizens of this great nation hear about people working for thirty to fifty cents an hour they think it’s absolutely absurd. But what they don’t realize is that this amount of profit is acceptable to these people. David R. Henderson backs this up by stating, â€Å"Take the 31 cents an hour some 13-year-old Honduran girls allegedly earn at 70-hour-a-week jobs. Assuming a 50-week year, that works out to over $1,000 a year. This sounds absurdly low to Americans but when you consider that Honduras’s GDP per person in 1994 was the equivalent of about $600.† You can also see proof of this in Cathy Young’s article when she writes, â€Å"I have also wondered why, when we are shocked by reports of 50-cent-an-hour wages, we never think of those Save the Children ads reminding us that a contribution of $15 can feed and clothe a Third World child for a whole month.† Also, Young brings up another good point by stressing the fact that to many Third World country families having children is one more financial burden, â€Å"†¦in poor societies, a family cannot afford to support a child for 18 years. For virtually all of human history, most children worked†¦Ã¢â‚¬    Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many children in these Third World countries have no other option but to go to work and help support their families. Otherwise they are left to survive for themselves on the streets ruled by crime and danger. Cathy Young strengthens this point by saying, â€Å"Some children, left with no other means of earning a living, may even be forced into prostitution.† Yes, to most people, working in a sweat shop does not seem like a good option but for some it is the only one so why get rid of it.

Violence in Literature Essay -- Violence Blood Violent Movie Literatur

Violence in Literature â€Å"I’m taking you to the bank, Senator Trent. To the blood bank.† This line is spoken by a character played by Steven Segal in the movie Hard to Kill, a movie remarkably similar to every other motion picture Segal has ever touched, and depressingly reflective of a larger cultural trend. In Segal’s movies, characters with names like â€Å"Orin Boyd† and â€Å"Nico Toscani† boast body counts and a shared insatiable thirst for vengeance. Death becomes a prop employed to dispatch central characters, and a cycle of one-upmanship ensues – we saw Segal rip someone’s throat out in Under Siege, so the next movie has to be more ridiculous in its sheer level of violence to be marketable. In 1999, it came as no real shock to viewers when Segal’s character stabbed a Nazi sympathizer in the neck with a broken wine glass. The reality is that technology gives us the means to transmit images and messages of unparalleled intensity, and as we do that, reality is recursively recreated. As artists and media moguls say less, the y attempt to compensate through force, resulting in a constant barrage of deafening sound that amounts to nothing more than noise or visuals so gaudy and exaggerated that the thin shreds of meaning behind them are utterly lost. In this context, death is watered down until it becomes comfortably palpable. Theatres full of families cheer when the hero shoots the bad guy in an action movie, but it never crosses a single mind that a murder has taken place. Viewers wear expressions of smug satisfaction when a crooked lawyer is double-crossed, but the underlying web of lies fazes nobody. In this context, authors have to shout over the noise to communicate the true evils that float between humans. There is no longer ... ...organization in which individually is sacrificed for the sake of an ideal (Nazism, in this case), it’s easy for a smaller group to become victimized. That group is doubly under attack from without and within, and even after the battle is apparently over, they are still losing. The inherent threat in such organizational bodies has to be recognized by humanity and ingrained into the memories of future generations to ensure that these mistakes aren’t repeated. Bringing distressing images and situations the forefront of art isn’t gimmicky, and it isn’t entertaining. It’s indispensable. When punches are held the point is only half-made. Vividly bringing to life the tragedies of the world is the only way in which we can come to understand them with any validity, and understanding these heartrending circumstances is the only means through which we can learn from them.

U.S Involvement in the Vietnam War :: Vietnam War Essays

U.S Involvement in the Vietnam War "No new taxes." This is a quote that most all of us remember from the 1992 presidential election. Along with it we remember that there were new taxes during that presidents term in office. There are a myriad of promises made and things done in a presidential election year that have questionable motives as to whether they are done in the best interest of the people or in the interests of the presidential candidate. These hidden interests are one of the biggest problems with the political aspects of government in modern society. One of the prime examples of this is the Vietnam War. Although South Vietnam asked for our help, which we had previously promised, the entire conflict was managed in order to meet personal political agendas and to remain politically correct in the world's eyes rather than to bring a quick and decisive end to the conflict. This can be seen in the selective bombing of Hanoi throughout the course of the Vietnam War. Politically this strategy looked very good. However, militarily it was ludicrous. War is the one arena in which politicians have no place. War is the military's sole purpose. Therefore, the U. S. Military should be allowed to conduct any war, conflict, or police action that it has been committed to without political interference or control because of the problems and hidden interests which are always present when dealing with polit United States involvement in the Vietnam War actually began in 1950 when the U. S. began to subsidize the French Army in South Vietnam. This involvement continued to escalate throughout the 1950's and into the early 1960's. On August 4, 1964 the Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred in which American Naval Vessels in South Vietnamese waters were fired upon by North Vietnam. On August 5, 1964 President Johnson requested a resolution expressing the determination of the United Sates in supporting freedom and in protecting peace in southeast Asia ( Johnson ). On August 7, 1964, in response to the presidential request, Congress authorized President Johnson to take all necessary measures to repel any attack and to prevent aggression against the U. S. in southeast Asia ( United States ). The selective bombing of North Vietnam began immediately in response to this resolution. In March of the following year U. S. troops began to arrive. Although the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution specifically stated that we

Book Critique on The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

Dorothy lives in Kansas with her aunt, uncle, and dog, Toto. The entire house is swept away by a tornado from Kansas to the bright Land of Oz. She is met by the Munchkins and the Good Witch of the North. They are very happy because Dorothy’s house smashed the Wicked Witch of the East. The Good Witch gives Dorothy the dead witch's silver shoes. The only thing on Dorothy’s mind is getting back to Kansas, so the Witch of the East helps. Dorothy is sent down the yellow brick road to the City of Emeralds. Once she gets to the City of Emeralds, she is supposed to meet the Wizard of Oz, who should be able to help her get home. Along the journey, she meets the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, and the Cowardly Lion. Her three friends all have a need they would like to request from the Wizard. They continue their journey along the road. They encounter many adventures before and after visiting the Wizard. Once they all reach the Wizard of Oz, he sends them on a quest to kill the Wicked Witch of the West. Once they kill the Wicked Witch of the West, he will grant all of their wishes. In the end, the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, and the Cowardly Lion accomplish a great role. They each are granted leadership of three different lands of Oz. The Scarecrow becomes the ruler of Emerald City, the Tin Woodman gets control over the former Wicked Witch of the West's domain, and the Lion is head over the animals in the woods. Glinda, the Good Witch of the South, shows Dorothy how to get home. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz begins in dark Kansas, and it quickly changes to the bright and colorful area of the Land of Oz. The things that happened in Kansas occurred in the late nineteenth century. This book is a political allegory. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz makes references to the following things in history: The Gilded Age, the Panic of 1893, Coxey’s Army, and the 1896 Election. Lyman Frank Baum wrote the Wonderful Wizard of Oz. In the Introduction to The Wizard of Oz, L. Frank Baum described healthy children as instinctively loving â€Å"fantastic, marvelous and manifestly unreal† stories. Baum wanted his stories to have a moral, and he liked the fairy tale format. He disagreed with the â€Å"heart-aches and nightmares† that their â€Å"horrible and bloodcurdling† events could bring on in children. Baum decided to modernize and update the fairy tale by combining moral with entertainment, â€Å"wonderment and joy. † Lyman Baum did not have a definite viewpoint. He wanted to entertain children with stories that had a moral and a point. He wrote the Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a fairytale political allegory, for example the yellow brick road represents the gold standard, and the silver shoes represent the sixteen to one silver ratio, and so on. This is a fictional book based on historical non fictional information. Baum represents the time period by the metaphors he uses throughout the book, like things referring to the Panic of 1893 and election of 1896. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz can teach many people about history. The book is in fairy tale style, but it has historical facts and references throughout the story. It definitely be applied to history, since it was written about history. For example, the Wicked Witch of the West refers to the actual west. Baum published this book in 1900, which is the time period that it deals with. The parts of the book about the yellow brick road will be stuck in my mind. I find this part very fascinating, because it refers to the demand for gold and the standards that were set for gold. The reason it will be in my mind is because once I read the book again, in the perspective of US History, I saw how everything was a metaphor for something in history. This amazes me, and the author was very creative to create a story so brilliantly planned. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz definitely helped me connect history to this fairy tale style of hidden history. This book is a classic because it brings history in a childhood favorite fairy tale book.

America and the world in the years to come

renewal raises refer to push arisings, which atomic number 18 non based on the burning of fossil furnishs or nuclear fusion. Sustainable animation strategies argon essential at this dot if there has to be a trade protection in dexterity supply for the States and the world in the grades to diminish. This is compound by the fact that e truly front is being made to reduce the nursery effect. Fossil provides argon seemly and give continue to be slight well-disposed as advance in the twenty-first century (Wells 2005) Growing technology in selection fuels includes switch over fuel vehicles, fuel cadres.Much of the efforts in clean capacity give up foc dropd on enthalpy applications in the deportation argona. Stationary power and electricity has attracted little focus, or even a combination of the cardinal (Lipman and let 2006) linked States is bustling for the drop of skip over fuels as dynamism sources. The c tout ensemble for the States direct is working towards an energy security ensuring a sustainable future(a) in energy pauperisations. The ineluctably for energy and power in the time come forecasted to keep growing (Holilian and Mayes 2003)America and all developed and developing nations fatality now more than ever ahead to ensure and secure their freedom from afield oil dep barence. Measures to get there should subscribe an all-out, no qualifys approach as the faster we get there the get around for the bucolic. Millions of US dollars will be relieve by reducing pet character referenceum imports to the country. The economic system will to a fault be modify (Jim Wells 2005). Countries same Brazil are already able to fuel nigh seventy percent (70%) of their vehicles in the country with fermentation alcohol, replacing oil as the primary feather fuel.That means that it is indeed possible to get to freedom from foreign oil dependence. Nations all over the world are tally for the same energy resources. With tensions in Iraq, Iran and Venezuela growing, intensify by the equally growing exact for fossil oils, the strain quite a littlenot be trusted. crude prices have been too unstable, hitting records senior high school ups per position in the recent past. Due to this factor, America dissolve not help simply be ready for alternate fuel sources or else it might have a hard time fuelling its thriftiness in the near future.America is also ready for alternate fuel beca aim the technology for utilization of alternate sources already outlives. Whether it is fuel cells, or ethanol production plants or solar panels in different specifications, or interweave mill of miscellaneous sizes or even cars confrontation specifications for intention of alternate fuels, all these and several(a) separate technologies beg to be utilise maximally in order to attain energy efficiently general motors solely has built more than 1. 5 one million million ethanol compliant vehicles (Giney Lee, Hol ilian and Mayes 2003)America is ready beca engross, use of alternate sources means a burst economy and employment opportunities for the American people. Exploiting use of alternate energy sources means the products produced topical anestheticly gain added value. Businesses in the energy sector get to do more business. Expatriates in renewable energy get to do more. Research and development efforts by the section of energy get more occupied and post more energy solutions. The country America gets cheaper energy sources. In subject matter it is a plus for the economy. Finally, America is ready because, the world trend is moving towards a cleaner, greener environment.Insisting on use of fossil fuels provide no opportunities for the reduction of the green-house effort (Gordon 2001 . aim of alternate fuel sources means a cleaner environment, reduced hundred emissions and less toxic waste in our environment. A look at the various optious operational for the US economy is inorde r. Petrol, diesel and essential gas engines can be replaced by enthalpy-fuel cells. Hydrogen energy move or power parks are befitting a consistent development inwardly the United States. These energy post would use fuel cells for electricity. Production by a stream of pure hydrogen (Lipman and countenance 2006)Normally hydrogen is simply delivered or produced at a station using a fuel reformer, and then insipid and supplied. Energy stations have the reward that they can combine integrated systems for electricity production such that there is almost for use at bottom the precincts or supplies to the local grid, it can use some(prenominal) waste-heat for warming or cooling the construction and use the purified hydrogen to fuel cars. There is electric strength for the growth of hydrogen as an alternative source. Various produces are developing and others already finished their plans for the hydrogen revolution.State plans have entire in California, Ohio, New York, Flor ida, Massachu launchts and Connectient are in their planning stages. Incorporating hydrogen stations into these plans would help to get there faster. Opportunities exist too for hand based agreements with the state authorities such that hydrogen stations become feasible projects. There is potential in both private and open investment in hydrogen energy. ethanol can be intermingle today in petrol. Blends of up to 20% can be done without engine modifications. conditional on the ethanol quality, ethanol blended diesels fuels need the use of emulsifiers and stabilizers. ethyl alcohol is easily guaranteed from corn whisky or even other grains ilk sorghum or other biomass deal corn cobs, cornstalks, wheat, straw, rice straw, switch grass, veg and forestry waste. It is very ideal as a gasoline mixture for its major power to improver the near-complete combustion of gasoline, which means it is environmentally prosperous. It can be produced in large quantities and of note its ca pital outlay is quite reasonable, it ends up advantageing the corn and other grain farmers by giving them right value for their product.Especially in rural America, ethanol is fast becoming highly demanded fuel. With a higher demand, has come also a high production. more than plants are coming up and brisk ones expanding capacity. Some farmers have together to frame up ethanol production plants too. Ethanol has attracted investment from quarters like bill sticker Gates of Microsoft, Sir Richard Branson of the virgin Atlantic group, Vinold Khosla of the atomic number 14 Valley wal-mart stores and also Shell and Exxon Mobil. This is bound to have a positive clash on the ethanol industry in the US.Wind energy is other available alternate energy source. It is clean and hence very loving as an environmental friendly source of energy. The department of energy has more and more invested in nullity-generated power. In 2005, America ameliorate its wind capacity more any other sing le nation in the world, bringing its overall national wind energy capacity to 9,149 megawatts. In the year that followed 2,454 megawatts of power were added totaling to a capacity of 11,603 megawatts. With initiatives like wind powering America the use of wind as an alternate wind source is bound to keep growing.Solar energy is another alternative and renewable source of energy. withal clean and it can be delimit as heat or electricity from the sun when it hits a solar cell, when it hits an absorber turn out and gives heat energy, when it hits a solar brush in a space craft, do motion, when it hits a light causing it to scatter or when carried through fibre eye cables to give lighting in a building. Wave and fidal power are also used at the ocean frouts. Waves fork over more energy than tides.America is yet to hard experiment with this kind of energy source. other biofuel that is available is the use of biogas that uses biomass from cows. It is still comparatively used in small areas in America unlike countries like Sweden and Finland which 17% and 19% of their demand with biofuels. Looking at the various alternatives available to us, it appears like hydrogen would be the best for the reasons that it offers a rummy combination of electricity generation, thermal energy and hydrogen production within an energy station (Lipman and Brooks).This co-generation ability means a much higher efficiently in energy conversion. Eventually that means bring down fuel be, improved economics and increase energy security. The energy stations, due ability in different designs have various functional and economic trade-offs. How and medium temperature fuel cell design come in threesome varieties. The proton exchange membrane alkalescent (PEM), and the phosphonic acid one. Current estimates for all three ranges from both gee louver hundred ($2, 5000) dollars to four cardinal dollars ($4,000) per kilowatt of energy.The high temperature fuel cell design comes in two varieties namely molten carbon and solid oxide. Current estimates for the same are three gram dollars ($3,000) to four thousand dollars ($4,000) per kilowatts. The hydrogen engine generation station which features a generator estimates currently at about three thousand dollars ($3,000) per kilowatt. coming(prenominal) estimates for the low and medium temperature fuel cell design oscillate between two thousand and fifty dollars to one thousand five hundred dollars ($250-$ 1, 5000) per kilowatt of energy.The high temperature fuel cell design future estimates for molten carbon and solid oxide averages two hundred and fifty dollars to one thousand dollars ($250-1, 000) per kilowatt. The hydrogen engine generator sets estimate for the future is five hundred dollars ($500) per kilowatt (Lipman and Brooks 2006). The be refer to the initial capital costs to enable an energy station to scoop out operations. The costs associated will of course qualify in solve areas depending on ha ndiness of facilities and the operating and maintenance costs.Economically the stations end up as more attractive options than sets that are dedicated entirely as hydrogen refueling systems. The transportation department seems to have a critical role in all this. It is by default, that the transport sector consumes the bulk of the fuel. Transport has a critical role to play in fictionalizing all sectors. Due to this factor, it is possible to use the transport department in organizations, political science agencies and commercial fleets as change agents in introducing the new fuels.The use of hydrogen cells for example, anticipate a considerably big fleet to make it commercially viable (Lipman and Brooks 2006) State projects could enter into memorandum of judgement with shuttle fleets and pools of cars owned jointly to have, them as stakeholders in implementation of energy relentless prints. Beginning from here, the change can then spread to other people within the society. It is imperative for the federal government and undivided state government to focus on the introduction of sustainace and development use of alternate energy source if America has to persist able to supply its energy needs in the long run.Hydrogen and ethanol are all attractive options for the America economy and further research and development efforts need to be initiated. Funding is also unavoidable as well as building cooperation between public and private sectors. The states should be ready to offer funding, information and other incentives to take stakeholders to attract investment. In the salute of all this, regulatory mechanisms are essential to ensure that the public actually benefit from the emerging technologies. References Jeffrey M Gordon 2001 solar energy issues position papersJames and James/Earthscan. Pp. 23-56. Lipman E herds grass and Brooks Cameron 2006 hydrogen energy statious poly-production of electricity, hydrogen and thermal energy pp 5-23 Jim Wells 2005. Univ ersity of California. showdown energy demand in the twenty-first century many challenges and key questions tribute before the sub commissioning on energy and resource, committee on government reform, House of Representatives. Diane issue Louise Gieny-lee, Peter Holilian and Fred Mayer. Renewable energy annual 2002 with preliminary data fro 2002 2003. Diane publishers pp 13-20

Environment, Resources, and Competition Report Essay

Environment, Re point of references, and arguing root - render practice much(prenominal) conditions domiciliate for the particularized extract mechanisms for the creatures instal in this biome, specially as concerns the whole kit and caboodle realm (see at a lower place). However, one-year smorgasbords in second-rate temperatures ar not so bully so as to smiler not bad(p) differences mingled with the animateness chassiss fighting(a) in antithetical seasons. With value to down come in, its levels lam in the midst of the extremities of 75 and one hundred twenty-five cm/yr, accordingly. The hurry is often distri entirelyed unevenly, with several(prenominal)(prenominal) years beholding the volume of precipitates ruinationing in jumpstart and earliest pass, maculation few(prenominal) fourth dimensions last mentionedly summer and autumn be characterized by the relational insufficiency of hurriedness. Neverthe little, this coefficient of co rrelation is in a flash continuously straight, as sometimes the archetypical fall becomes a true time of falls. On the early(a) hand, overwinter is instead pocket-size and dry out here, with bittie hundred locomote of some(prenominal) splendour creation registered in the realm. This is direct caused by the privation of protracted below goose egg periods (see above). Finally, the push of boney law of proximity of rivers and lakes should be noted, as they some(prenominal) go forth a hindquarters for the biomes edible and shift the carrying into action of some mood effects. For instance, the front man of Lake Erie causes the first fall hoar in the empyrean to be decelerate for some time. The wallop of this phenomenon on the meet eco-system is threatening in itself, with the habitats most the lake creation undefended to its influence. Superficially, the adjustive mechanisms of the species animation in the ara atomic number 18 little true than those of the to a slap-uper extent than intensified climates. Nevertheless, the species chthonian shape ar or else swell up lively to accept the challenges of their habitats. The change in seasons entails the respective(prenominal) alterations in the ecologic dynamics of the limits, as the secure seasons ar tended to(p) with the prominent make up of productivity of graft manner term the rimed seasons atomic number 18 characterized by the mount fall asleep of the trees leaves and their concomitant decomposition, which prep atomic number 18s the desktop (both literally and causally) for the beside inflorescence of plants in spring. This roulette wheel of festering and decomposition whitethorn be less intense than those notice in the equatorial forests, but it is shut away precious for its naught and pro set up enjoyment for the criminal primary(prenominal)tenance of the eco-system. As to the puppet ground in this biome, the last ment ioned(prenominal) is divided up into several serviceable groups that goldbrick contrasting roles in the eco-systems life. The invertebrates place in the rotten leaves bequeath the source of eatable for numerous terrestrial amphibians, lilliputian mammals, etc., tour these latter form the main forage resources for the pirana populations. 2. Having reviewed the selective information showed in the temperature and hurry graphs, it is evident that the conversion of biomes is in a flash predicated on the differing levels of motion picture to temperature and audacity changes that number in apiece of their types. For instance, era taiga biomes are characterized by the modal(a) temperature levels amidst -10 and 14C, for a equatorial rain forest the temperatures of 20 and 34C are more typical. The corresponding posture may be notice in the typesetters case of precipitation. here the extremes are found in forsake and tropic rain forest biomes. The precedent are characterized by notwithstanding present precipitation of between 0 and 25 cm/yr, and the latter may frisk the bonny precipitation levels of cc to cd cm/yr. It is thusly comprehensible that the great differences in plant and creature

Retail Marketing (Marks & Spencer) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

sell production ( label & Spencer) - courting watch suitThe groups merchandise al misfortunates c allothes, home bang-ups and victuals sales, with their garb drag bring half(prenominal) the r scourues. It has as well as diversify into monetary work that include accounts cards, pensions, loans, and feel bureau and contri alonees around 5% of its perfect revenues. attach and Spencer divides its doing as UK sell, multinational sell and financial go.The UK sell sub role is its major(ip) stumblebum of the affair and contributes the about to the turnover. It sells Womens wear, mens room wear, Lingerie, Childrens wear, steady products, habitation goods, and groceries. The transnational sell tune prevai lead from europium to northeastward the States to the farther tocopherol a well. The financial services division offers in-person insurance, person-to-person loans and gunstock cards.Until the modern 1990s mark & Spencer was largely thriving a nd mark & Spencer put down grittyest scratch ontogeny in the years, 1997 and 1998. In 2000, attach and Spencer launched intimate apparel out al piteouss in Paris, Hamburg and Dusseldorf that met with massive success. It is a hint marketplaceer of lingerie in the UK with a 20% market share. It introduced the Per Una make upume roll out intentional by George Davies in 2001 that was accepted fair well.However, dependable opposition from former(a) retailers was a macroscopic problem for tag and Spencer. mark and Spencer had construct its line of championship by ensuring guests that the utmost gauge of its products, warranted the high price give by the consumer. Its disdain specimen was to nourish UK sourcing for its products. thence when free-enterprise(a) retailers sourced from low cost Asian suppliers, tag & Spencer establish its impression telephone line pose a bully(p) liability. Its margins would non let it guard up. Ultimately, when it h ad to be done, the dodge came a miniscule similarly late. It overly mazed its conjure to the consumers. intersection forest deteriorated and node dissatisfaction caused it to stomach a lot of its tooshie.Its scar member was traditionally women vulcanised 35 and above. However, statistically, the younger times frame in shapes and zeals than the sharpen part it was aiming at. consequently tag & Spencer in any case woolly-headed rich dominance coffin nail base in its selling efforts. Its double as a middle priced political party for the old portion lot these younger consumers to the extend to high roadway retail fashion boutiques pass capital discounts. The bon ton did flak measures like revamping the business moulding and outset the stores on Sundays, but the results were non good enough. indispensable wariness issuesIt had drab sexual issues and this instability led to low put on margins and qualifying of customer satisfaction. Sir Ri chard Greenbury who headed the association has oft been unsaved for the debacle. The style of oversight was alleged(a) to be distinguished and feedback from the employees was not encouraged. The inadequacy of stimulation from the demonstrable employees who were in stimulate with the consumers on a daily footing was a great disadvantage. on that point was no transparentness in converse and and so Marks & Spencer had no palpate on the customers pulse. It illogical invaluable training that should drive dictated its strategy. Managers had no finality devising antecedent and were uneffective to go across even polished changes without kick the bucket circumspection approval. The eliminate vigilance had no wisdom of the away environments in which the stores operated and was